Missiology

Missiology

Missiology is the academic study of the Christian mission history and methodology, which began to be developed as an academic discipline in the 19th century.

History

Missiology as an academic discipline appeared only in the 19th century. It was the Scottish missionary Alexander Duff who first developed a systematic theory of mission and was appointed in 1867 to a new chair of Evangelistic Theology in Edinburgh. The chair was short-lived and closed after Duff's departure[2]

Gustav Warneck (1834-1910) is often recognized as the founder of Protestant missiology as a discipline. He founded the first scientific missionary periodical in 1874, Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, and was appointed the chair of missionary science at the University of Halle in Germany in 1897. His three-volume work on Protestant mission theory Evangelische Missionlehre and his survey of the history of Protestant missionary work were extremely important for the young discipline.

Influenced by Warneck's work, Catholic church-historian Joseph Schmidlin [de] began lecturing in missiology in 1910 at the University of Munster and was appointed to the first chair of Catholic missiology at the same university in 1914.

Scope of study

Missiology became recognizable first of all within the study of Christian theology. On the other hand, over the centuries of missions the missionaries encountered various cultures and attitudes to accepting the Gospel by the different peoples. This caused theologians to reflect on issues of society and Christianity, and anthropology and Christianity. Communicating the Gospel and comparing the Christian teaching with other religious or secular teachings made the task of the missionaries even more difficult. They needed a solid theoretical framework within which they could more efficiently found their mission and succeed in spreading Christianity.

In this way missiology became the Christian theological discipline which interacted with many other sciences, such as anthropology, history, geography, communication theory, comparative religious studies, social studies, education, psychology, inter-religious relations, etc. The core of the new discipline remains the teaching of the Church: "Inherent in the discipline is the study of the nature of God, the created world, and the Church, as well as the interaction among these three." Missiology as an academic discipline is a broader term that encompasses a variety of subtopics: ethnodoxology, diaspora missiology, urban missiology, biblical missiology, etc.

Definition

The wide scope of study of the discipline of missiology makes it difficult for missiologist to agree upon a unified definition on what missiology is. One approach is to reflect on what mission is and then define the ways in which mission is explained theologically: “Mission is the participation of the people of God in God’s action in the world. The theological and critical reflection about mission is called missiology”

Johannes Verkuyl states, “Missiology’s task in every age is to investigate scientifically and critically the presuppositions, motives, structures, methods, patterns of cooperation and leadership which the churches bring to their mandate” Every mission needs a strategy which can be employed in specific environment, among specific cultural context. This adds to the definition of missiology a three-dimensional area of study: “Missiology is made up of three interdependent areas of study: theology, the social sciences, and strategy. Theology explains the foundations of mission, culture (the social sciences) elaborates on the arena of mission, and strategy explicitly points to the ways in which missions is implemented. Defining what is missiology continues even today and it will continue in the near future until a definition acceptable to all missiologists is coined.

Current developments

Today missiology is taught at many Christian theological schools and its scope of study and relations with the other theological and social sciences differ to a great extent. It continues to be considered a Christian theological discipline and at the same time it is argued whether missiology is a strictly church discipline or academic one. There are several academic societies for the discipline. Two of note are the American Society of Missiology (ASM) and Evangelical Missiological Society (EMS). In the European academy, especially in German-speaking contexts, there is the growing dominance of the term "intercultural theology."

The close interaction between missiology, social sciences and culture made scholars to shape the discipline within the framework of history and sociology and remind about the “colonial past of missions” when Christians often attempted to use their political and economic power in evangelism. Many missiologists are now disavowing these methods and attempt to construct a new paradigm that does not employ such imperialistic approaches which lead to language and cultural imposition.

Literature

Bevans, Stephen; Schroeder, Roger (2004). Constants in Context. A Theology of Mission for Today. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1570755170
Wrogemann, Henning (2018). Theologies of Mission. Downer´s Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-5098-3

Source: Wikipedia